Computer Fundamental

Computer Fundamentals

What is Computer?

Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.
A computer has four functions:
a. accepts data
Input
b. processes data
Processing
c. produces output
Output
d. stores results
Storage
Input (Data):
Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc.
Process:
Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of the computer system.
Output:
Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also called as Result. We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use.
Computer System
All of the components of a computer system can be summarized with the simple equations.
COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE+ USER
• Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices
All physical parts of the computer (or everything that we can touch) are known as Hardware.
• Software = Programs
Software gives "intelligence" to the computer.
• USER = Person, who operates computer.

Load Shedding, a live nightmare for Bangladesh - who is eating all the electricity !

Load Shedding, a live nightmare for Bangladesh - who is eating all the electricity !

Where all the electricity going from Bangladesh, who is eating it up totally. Load Shedding is the very nightmare for the people of Bangladesh now. From the first day of a child to this world in Bangladesh gets familiar with load shedding. He or she don't need any definition for it. If you ask her/him the definition you may get a slap across your soft face (ouch)! If not at least he or she would (at least they shuld) get angry for your silly and ridiculous question - whoever you are, a teacher or a friend.
Our respectable prime minister said openly that she would wash out this problem - not only she but also all the government says that. But she failed to the greatest degree to keep her words. I have - not only me, none have - experienced such load shedding before. We can't sleep at day for, can't read at night, can't hear the 'Azan' at proper time, can't communicate to our relatives through mobile phones, can't watch television for some recreation - not even the news, can't get the water for drinking, farmers can't get water for their harvests. Elderly ones can't pass their very last moments of life happily, doctors can't do operation to help a huma being to live in this world - let alone non human being, industries can't produce commodities for you, me and us - even not the life saving medicines ! And what not !!!

So, where all the electricity going:

Does electricity have air ticket to go away from Bangladesh? Is it sick for some days? Or is it being stolen?
Lets look closer:

• Mobile operators - the biggest thiefs: Yes, it's very clear that they not only steal all of our money that we earn working hard but also steal indiscriminately the heart of civilization. The giant like network towers eat up mega watts of current per moment. You may think that they also don't current at the time of load shedding ! Oh man, thiefs are more intelligent than we are. They have tons of rechargeable storage cells that they use to store current within few seconds, if you calculate mathematically you will get that it is much more wasting of electricity than directly using current 24 hours. They never get out of electricity - previously they used to be but not recently, they became more clever.
• Issor Thaken Vodro Pollite (God stays only in high society) : Rich people always get priority - this is not a democratic country but a country for the RICH. Areas those have much rich people get more electricity and less load shedding. Where there is a house of minister, current hardly dare to visit it home far away in the green village where it's family is almost dead !
• Industries & Market places : If industries does not make commodities for up we won't live comfortably - you say out loud. But my question is : will you be at least leave if farmers can't produce harvests, can't your industries get raw materials ? Is there any future if students can't read at night for load shedding ? Will your brother, sister, mother or father breath long in the hospital bed if you give priority to the industrious? The answers are in the question, the answers are you yourself. Again you support market places. Do you market at 9 or 10 at night, are we the Bangladeshis nocturnal animals ? I an not - hope not are you.
• Weddings and other occasions : Weddings, fairs, parties, other ceremonys or gathering means waste of electricity. But we must approve some of them like marriage ceremony as you the very man also want that at you wedding or your son's, daughter's or your close one's. But that does not mean that you waste as much as you can - instead you or other should take care about as less as possible.
• And too much others : It's gonna be a huge list if I carry on. I am tired of all of these and going for some recreation - a hindi cinema on Set Max. Hey, man be positive it's not a waste of electricity :-)

লোডশেডিং হবে দুই ঘণ্টা করে

আজ থেকে আর এ কথা বলার কোনো সুযোগ কারও থাকবে না যে ঘণ্টায় ঘণ্টায় লোডশেডিং হচ্ছে। কিংবা প্রতিদিন আট-দশবার করে লোডশেডিং হচ্ছে। কারণ, বিদ্যুত্ মন্ত্রণালয় সিদ্ধান্ত নিয়েছে, এখন থেকে লোডশেডিং করা হবে একটানা দুই ঘণ্টা করে। এরপর চেষ্টা করা হবে টানা দুই ঘণ্টা বা আরও বেশি সময় বিদ্যুত্ সরবরাহের।
গতকাল বৃহস্পতিবার মন্ত্রণালয়ের এক সভায় এই সিদ্ধান্ত নেওয়ার পর গতকাল সন্ধ্যা থেকেই ঢাকার বিভিন্ন এলাকায় লোডশেডিংয়ের নতুন সময়সূচি কার্যকর করা শুরু হয়েছে। ঢাকা বিদ্যুত্ বিতরণ কোম্পানির (ডেসকো) কুড়িলের একজন গ্রাহক গতকাল সন্ধ্যা সাতটায় এক ঘণ্টা লোডশেডিংয়ের পরও বিদ্যুত্ না পেয়ে স্থানীয় ডেসকো কার্যালয়ে টেলিফোন করলে সেখানে কর্তব্যরত ব্যক্তি তাঁকে এই নতুন সময়সূচির কথা জানান। এরপর ঢাকার অন্যান্য এলাকা থেকেও একই খবর পাওয়া গেছে।
লোডশেডিংয়ের নতুন এ সময়সূচিতে কী সুবিধা হবে, জানতে চাইলে গতকাল রাতে বিদ্যুত্সচিব মো. আবুল কালাম আজাদ প্রথম আলোকে বলেন, এতে লোডশেডিংয়ের ‘ফ্রিকোয়েন্সি’ (বারবার হওয়া) কমবে। বিদ্যুত্-পরিস্থিতি কেমন, জানতে চাইলে ঘণ্টায় ঘণ্টায় লোডশেডিং হচ্ছে কিংবা দিনে আটবার হচ্ছে, এটা বলতে হবে না। বলা যাবে, তিনবার কিংবা চারবার হচ্ছে।
মো. আবুল কালাম আজাদ আরও বলেন, এক ঘণ্টা পর পর লোডশেডিং হলে ফ্রিজের জিনিসপত্র নষ্ট হওয়া বা আইপিএস চার্জড না হওয়ার যে সমস্যা দেখা দেয়, তা থাকবে না। সর্বোপরি, সেচ এলাকায় এক ঘণ্টা পানি সরবরাহ করলে দেখা যায় যে পুরো মাঠ সমানভাবে পানি পাচ্ছে না। টানা দুই ঘণ্টা লোডশেডিং করেও পরে যদি সেখানে একটানা অন্তত দুই ঘণ্টা বিদ্যুত্ দেওয়া যায়, তাহলে এই সমস্যাও থাকবে না। এসব ভেবেই এ সিদ্ধান্ত নেওয়া হয়েছে বলে তিনি জানান।
তবে এ ব্যবস্থায় আসন্ন এইচএসসি পরীক্ষার্থীদের সমস্যা আরও বাড়বে বলেই মনে করেন অভিভাবকেরা। কুড়িলের ওই গ্রাহকসহ কয়েকজন গতকাল লোডশেডিংয়ের নতুন সময়সূচির কথা জানার পর প্রথম আলোকে এই আশঙ্কার কথা বলেন।

Suitable Environment Load Shedding of Electricity in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is facing huge load shedding of electricity. Almost all part of Dhaka having load shedding of electricity everyday at least four to five hours everyday. In Karwan Bazar, power disruption occurred five times with more than five hours of outage between 8:00am and 5:00pm and in 24 hours almost eight to nine hours. Multiple power cuts for periods totaling six to seven hours occurred in Eskaton Garden, Dhanmondi, Kalabagan, Moghbazar, Khilgaon, Goran, Shahjahanpur, Mohammadpur, Banani, Uttara and other places.

Every summer Bangladesh face huge load shedding problem. According to the official statistics, the country’s electricity shortage gone up 1000 megawatts (MW) to 1259 MW with the demand of 4806 MW on 2006.  Authority said this year (2009) about 1400 MW to 1800 MW electricity shortage will face this year, which is almost twice more than last year and the country need about 5000 MW. So this summer we might face the problem that’s we have not face last ten years. In Bangladesh electricity power is not generate as much as our demand. So every summer we face huge load shedding and people are suffering, but in winter there is almost not load shedding. In summer temperatures goes up to around 40° Celsius. So in this situation if there is load-shedding of electricity people face uncertain condition.

Power Development Board (PDB) sources said while the official power demand was just 5000MW, the unofficial demand was hovering around 6000 MW. The officially estimated power demand is 5000 MW against a generation of around 3500 MW. Around 1500 MW power could not be generated due to short supply of gas to many power plants. Gas is a major concern also because several new gas-fired power plants with nearly 1000 MW generation capacity are expected to be drafted into service this year. “We are expecting 200MW new power generation from May. If we cannot ensure the gas supplies, it will become meaningless” PDB pointed out.

A PDB official said the real power situation was worse than the official picture. “The Rural Electrification Board (REB) needs 2500 MW, but is given less than half of that. Dhaka Electricity Supply Authority (DESA) and Dhaka Electric Supply Company (DESCO) need more than 2000 MW power and the PDB needs another 2000 MW,” he added.

On 2007 government said by 2010 Bangladesh will be a load shedding free country. “We have set a target to generate sufficient electricity by the year 2010 to reach a level where there will be no load shedding,” said Mirza Azizul Islam, finance and planning adviser. But we don’t see any result of it day by day the rate of load shedding is increasing.

Load Shedding

Load shedding is an everyday occurrence in our daily life. It has become a common part of electric outage and system loss. It means the fluctuation and short supply of electricity for the time being. The load shedding occurs when the production of power is comparatively less than the growing demand. The power authority stops disconnect the supply of a certain area to give the flow of electricity to other areas. The whole area plunges into darkness when the power line is cut off. There is hardly any area which is not affected because of load shedding. The system has been going on for long, but the solution to this problem is not in sight yet. It causes manifold problems to the rural as well as the urban people. Students face crucially at the time of their examinations. The works of mills and factories are snapped due to the whims of load shedding. It is a hurdle to the country’s overall socioeconomic development. The power sector must be given top-most priority for its utility. The government should set up more power plants to cope with the current demand of electricity.

Load Shedding : a must read paragraph for Bangladeshi students of every level.

                                                                    Load Shedding

Load shedding is the act of discontinuing current flow over some selected areas to reduce the pressure over the generators or to compensate lack of sufficient current. We the people of Bangladesh are so much familiar to it from our birth that we don't need any definition to understand it. But nowadays it is at it's extreme. Recently it has become a nightmare for the people at every level of society in Bangladesh. Sometimes there are load shedding of more than twenty four hours. We can't sleep in day time, can't read at night, can't get news at morning for for it - we can do almost nothing for it. Children, old persons and the students are the very sufferers of this curse. It seems that there is no end to it. Industries, markets, farm areas and everything become in operational for load shedding. Our agriculture system is somewhat broken down for lack of electricity because the farmers can't get water in dry reason. For this much lack of electricity it seems that the ghosts has taken control over our country. If we can't stop these ghosts, there will be a very sorry ending to our country and no ending to the approaching sufferings. This is said that such crisis must dealt by the government and the people of the country. But for some years they two are working together, energy bulbs are being used in houses, people are no more wasting current as before, electric heaters are no more being used widely, governments are building new plants, but the crisis is getting bigger and bigger. No government are keeping their oaths - or may be is not able for too much problems. So, now the problem of electricity has almost become personal and must be dealt by ourselves. In our country a better solution is solar electricity. Nowadays it costs less but not that less like our yearly regular electricity bills. A more efficient solution is bio-gas that can be used not only for electricity but also for cooking. We have many talented engineers in our country and they should look at this sector and make more efficient and affordable machines. We can also produce electricity from air if these engineers come forward. Nuclear electricity plant is long lasting after installment but that is very expensive for our country and maintenance cost is even more - so we better don't think about that. Now it is the very time to get out of dreams and deal the problem ourselves and we must cooperate with the government to solve this problem now. As the electricity is the heart of civilization, we have to work hard to sustain this civilization, to sustain ourselves.

Price hike

Price hike is the rising of almost all the essential commodities available in the market. The poor and the middle class people are the most affected by it. Various reasons are responsible for the price hike in our country. The price hike was caused by prolonged untimely flood in the country. The holy month of Ramadan also contributed a lot to it, because people, during this month, try to by and consume some of these items more than in the other months. The flood has damaged our crops and disrupted rail and road communications. This also worsened the problem. Some dishonest businessmen made the best use of the situation. They earned the illegal and immoral profits at the cost of our suffering. The common people, who always bears the burnt of price hike, reacted patiently. They knew that they were helpless. I felt for the poor people, but could not do anything. The government formed monitoring cells to control the price hike. The law enforcing agencies were deployed to fight against corruption. The import of essentials was enforced by the government through tax-cuts. But nothing seem to prove faithful. However, the government, the rich and the business class people should come forward to ensure proper distribution of commodities. Now we should undertake research work to overcome price hikes in the future

Writing a CV

What is a CV?
A CV is a short list of facts about you and your work history, skills, qualifications and experience. A good CV is essential when looking for work and it is worth spending time getting it right so it sells you to an employer.
Your CV should:
• be neat, typed if possible and to the best standard you can achieve in content and layout
• be short, 2 sides of a sheet of A4 paper is normally enough
• be positive, it should emphasise your achievements, strengths, successes, and
• make a good impression. This means presenting the facts about yourself in a positive way.
How to use your CV
Send your CV with a covering letter or email asking companies if they have any current or
future vacancies.
Use your CV to help you remember all the dates and information you need each time you need to
fill in an application form.
When applying for jobs by phone it can help if you are asked to give more information about previous jobs.
Having your CV with you while you’re waiting to be called in to an interview can help refresh your memory. You can also leave a copy with the interviewer if they do not already have one.
Recruitment agencies may sometimes ask to see your CV before you can register with them.
What to include
There is no set format – how you present your CV is up to you. However, you should include at least the following:
• your name
• your address
• your phone number
• your e-mail address (if you have one), and
• your career history
Put your most recent job first and include dates. Employers will be more interested in what you have done recently. Emphasise the skills and experience you have gained across those jobs (for example, skills in dealing with customers or communication skills).
You don’t need to include your date of birth
Laws on discrimination mean that you don’t need to put your age or date of birth on your CV.
Here are some examples of what you may want to include:
A personal profile
This is a short statement at the beginning of your CV to sell yourself – your skills, experience and personal qualities. You could include positive words such as “competent”, “adaptable”,
and “conscientious”.
Tailor the statement to the requirements of each job that you apply for, so that you make it clear to the employer that you’re right for the job.
Achievements
Mention things you did well in your past jobs which could be relevant to the job you’re applying for.
Qualifications and training
Include any qualifications and training from previous jobs (for example, training in health and safety or a certificate in food hygiene). Put the most recent first and include any qualifications that you got from school or college.
Interests
These can support your application if your hobbies and leisure activities highlight responsibilities and skills that are relevant to the job you’re applying for. Perhaps you belong to a club or a society which you organise activities for, or you use leadership skills or teamwork.
Other information
If there are gaps in your CV it can be helpful to include this. If you had a career break because you were caring for children or elderly relatives, make this a positive thing and think about the skills you used doing this. If the job you’re applying for is different from what you’ve done in the past, explain why you’re interested in the new type of work.
References
It’s good to have two or more people who can provide a work or personal reference. Ideally, one should be your most recent employer. If you haven’t worked for a while it could be someone who has known you for a long time. It should be someone who can comment on your qualities in relation to the job. You should ask the person to agree to this beforehand.

presentations Language

Language

Say what you are going to say,

Simplicity and Clarity

If you want your audience to understand your message, your language must be simple and clear.
Use short words and short sentences.
Do not use jargon, unless you are certain that your audience understands it.
In general, talk about concrete facts rather than abstract ideas.
Use active verbs instead of passive verbs. Active verbs are much easier to understand. They are much more powerful. Consider these two sentences, which say the same thing:

1. Toyota sold two million cars last year.
2. Two million cars were sold by Toyota last year.

Which is easier to understand? Which is more immediate? Which is more powerful? #1 is active and #2 is passive.

Signposting

When you drive on the roads, you know where you are on those roads. Each road has a name or number. Each town has a name. And each house has a number. If you are at house #100, you can go back to #50 or forward to #150. You can look at the signposts for directions. And you can look at your atlas for the structure of the roads in detail. In other words, it is easy to navigate the roads. You cannot get lost. But when you give a presentation, how can your audience know where they are? How can they know the structure of your presentation? How can they know what is coming next? They know because you tell them. Because you put up signposts for them, at the beginning and all along the route. This technique is called 'signposting' (or 'signalling').
During your introduction, you should tell your audience what the structure of your presentation will be. You might say something like this:

"I'll start by describing the current position in Europe. Then I'll move on to some of the achievements we've made in Asia. After that I'll consider the opportunities we see for further expansion in Africa. Lastly, I'll quickly recap before concluding with some recommendations."

A member of the audience can now visualize your presentation like this:

Introduction	Welcome Explanation of structure (now)
Body	Europe Asia Africa
Conclusion	Summing up Recommendations

He will keep this image in his head during the presentation. He may even write it down. And throughout your presentation, you will put up signposts telling him which point you have reached and where you are going now. When you finish Europe and want to start Asia, you might say:

"That's all I have to say about Europe. Let's turn now to Asia."

When you have finished Africa and want to sum up, you might say:

"Well, we've looked at the three continents Europe, Asia and Africa. I'd like to sum up now."

And when you finish summing up and want to give your recommendations, you might say:

"What does all this mean for us? Well, firstly I recommend..."

The table below lists useful expressions that you can use to signpost the various parts of your presentation.

Signposting
Function	Language
Introducing the subject	I'd like to start by... Let's begin by... First of all, I'll... Starting with... I'll begin by...
Finishing one subject...	Well, I've told you about... That's all I have to say about... We've looked at... So much for...
...and starting another	Now we'll move on to... Let me turn now to... Next... Turning to... I'd like now to discuss... Let's look now at...
Analysing a point and giving recommendations	Where does that lead us? Let's consider this in more detail... What does this mean for ABC? Translated into real terms...
Giving an example	For example,... A good example of this is... As an illustration,... To give you an example,... To illustrate this point...
Dealing with questions	We'll be examining this point in more detail later on... I'd like to deal with this question later, if I may... I'll come back to this question later in my talk... Perhaps you'd like to raise this point at the end... I won't comment on this now...
Summarising and concluding	In conclusion,... Right, let's sum up, shall we? I'd like now to recap... Let's summarise briefly what we've looked at... Finally, let me remind you of some of the issues we've covered... If I can just sum up the main points...
Ordering	Firstly...secondly...thirdly...lastly... First of all...then...next...after that...finally... To start with...later...to finish up...

---

That's all we have to say about the language of presentations. Next, we'll look in detail at the presentation itself and how we structure it...

presentation Review

In this seminar, you have learned:

• to allow plenty of time for preparation
• to ask the all-important question-words, why? who? where? when? how? and what?
• to structure your presentation into introduction, body, conclusion and questions
• to write notes based on keywords
• to rehearse your presentation several times and modify it as necessary
• to select the right equipment for the job
• to use equipment effectively
• to make use of clear, powerful visual aids that do not overload your audience
• to use clear, simple language, avoiding jargon
• to use active verbs and concrete facts
• to explain the structure of your presentation at the beginning so that your listeners know what to expect
• to link each section of your presentation
• to signpost your presentation from beginning to end so that your listeners know where they are
• to say what you are going to say, say it, and say what you have just said
• to overcome your nerves
• to establish audience rapport
• to be aware of your body language
• to understand cultural differences
• to control the quality of your voice
• to maintain interest by varying the speed, volume and pitch of your voice
• to deal with listeners' questions politely
• to respond to your audience positively